My just published book, ‘Central Bankers at the End of Their Rope?: Monetary Policy and the Coming Depression’, Clarity Press, July 2017, is now available for immediate purchase on Amazon.com, as well as from this blog. (see book icon)
The following article, ‘Central Banks As Engines of Income Inequality and Financial Crisis’, summarizing some of the book’s themes, appeared in Z Magazine, September 1, 2017:
“This September 2017 marks the ninth year since the last major financial crisis erupted in 2008. In that crisis, investment banks Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers collapsed. So did Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the quasi-government mortgage agencies that were then bailed out at the last minute by a $300 billion U.S. Treasury money injection. Washington Mutual and Indymac banks, the brokerage Merrill Lynch, and scores of other banks and shadow banks went under, were forced-merged by the government, or were consolidated or restructured. The finance arms of General Motors and General Electric were also bailed out, as were the auto companies themselves, to the tune of more than $100 billion. Then there was the insurance giant, AIG, that speculated in derivatives and ultimately required more than $200 billion in bailout funds. The “too big too fail” mega banks—Citigroup and Bank of America—were technically bankrupt in 2008 but were bailed out at a cost of more than $300 billion. And all that was only in the U.S. Banks in Europe and elsewhere also imploded or recorded huge losses. The U.S. central bank, the Federal Reserve, helped bail them out as well by providing more than a trillion U.S. dollars in loans and swaps to Europe’s banking system.
Although the crisis at the time was deeply influenced by the crash of residential housing in the U.S., few U.S. homeowners were bailed out. A mere $25 billion was provided to rescue homeowners, and most of that went to bank mortgage servicing companies who were supposed to refinance their mortgages but didn’t. More than $10 trillion, conservatively was provided to financial institutions, banks and shadow banks, and big corporations, and foreign banks by U.S. policy makers in the government and at the U.S. central bank, the Federal Reserve.
The Federal Reserve Bank as Bailout Manager
A common misunderstanding is that the banking system bailouts were managed by Congress passing what was called the Trouble Asset Relief Program, TARP. Introduced in October 2008, TARP provided the U.S. Treasury a $750 billion blank check with which to bail out the banks. But less than half of the $750 billion was actually spent. By early 2009 the remainder was returned to the U.S. Treasury. So Congress didn’t actually bail out the big banks. The bailout was engineered by the U.S. central bank, the Federal Reserve, in coordination with the main European central banks—the Bank of England, European Central Bank, and the Bank of Japan.
The central banks bailed out the big banks. That has always been the primary function of central banks. That’s why they were created in the first place. It’s called the lender of last resort function. Whenever there’s a general banking crisis, which occurs periodically in all capitalist economies, the central bank simply prints the money (electronically today) and injects it free of charge into the failing private banks, to fill up and restore the private banks’ massive losses that occur in the case of banking crashes. Having a central bank, with operations little understood by the general public, is a convenient way for capitalism to rescue its banks without having to have capitalist politicians—i.e. in Congress and the Executive—do so more directly and more publicly.
From Bailouts to Perpetual Bank Subsidization
But central banks since 2008 have evolved toward a new primary function, no longer just bailing out the banks when they get in trouble, but providing a permanent regime of subsidization of the banks even when they’re not in trouble. The latter function has become a permanent feature of capitalist global banking.
With the Fed in the lead, in 2008-09 the central banks of the advanced capitalist economies simply created money—i.e. dollars, pounds, euros and yen—and allowed banks and investors to borrow it virtually free. But free money, in the form of near zero interest, was still not the full picture. The Fed and other central banks as well as other institutional and even private investors, said: “We will also buy up your bad assets that virtually collapsed in price as a result of the 2008-09 crash.” This direct buying of bad mortgage and government bonds—and in Europe and Japan also buying of corporate bonds and even company stocks—was called “quantitative easing,” or QE for short. And what did the central banks pay for the assets they bought from banks and investors, many of which were worth as low as 15 cents on the dollar? No one knows, because the Fed to this day has kept secret how much they overpaid for the bad assets. But the QE and the near zero interest rates have continued for nine years in the U.S. and the UK; and, in 2015 QE was accelerated even faster in Europe; and since 2014 faster still in Japan. And even in China after 2015, when its stock market bubble burst, its central bank began providing trillions to prop up financial markets.
In the course of the past nine years, the private capitalist banking system globally has become addicted to the free money provided by central banks.
Private banks cannot earn profits on their own any longer, it appears. They are increasingly dependent on the virtually free money from their central bankers. This is a fundamental change in the global capitalist economic system in the past decade—a change which is having historic implications for growing income inequality worldwide in the advanced economies as well as for another inevitable global financial crisis that will almost certainly erupt within the next decade.
The $25 Trillion Banking System Bailout
In the U.S., the Fed’s QE officially purchased $4.5 trillion in bad assets between 2009 and 2014. But it was actually more, perhaps as much as $7 trillion, because, as some of the Fed-purchased bonds matured and were paid off, the Fed reinvested the money once again to maintain the $4.5 trillion. The 2008-09 crash was global, so the Fed was not the only central bank player doing this. The European Central Bank, as of 2017, has bailed out European banks to the tune of $4.9 trillion so far. The Bank of England, another $.7 trillion. And the Bank of Japan, as of mid-2017, more than $5 trillion. The People’s Bank of China, PBOC, did not institute formal QE programs, but after 2011 it too started injecting trillions of dollar in equivalent yuan, to prevent its private sector from defaulting on bank loans, to bail out its local governments that over invested in real estate, and to stop the collapse of its stock markets in 2015-16. PBOC bailouts to date amount to around $6 trillion. And the totals today continue to rise for all, as the UK, Europe, Japan, and China continue their central bank engineered bailout binge, with Europe and Japan actually accelerating their QE programs.
Contrary to many critiques of rising debt levels since 2009, it is not the level of debt itself that is the problem and the harbinger of the next financial crash. It is the inability to pay for the debt, the principal and interest on it, when the next recession occurs. As long as economies are growing, businesses and households and even government can finance the debt, i.e. continue to pay the principal and interest some way. But when recessions occur, which they always do under capitalism, that ability to keep paying the debt collapses. Business revenues and profits fall, employment rises and wages decline, and government tax collections slow. So the income with which to pay the principal and interest collapses. Unable to make payments on principal and or interest, defaults on past-incurred debt occur. Prices for financial assets—stocks, bonds, etc.—then collapse even faster and further. Businesses and banks go bankrupt, and the crisis deepens, accelerating on itself in a vicious downward spiral as the financial system collapses and drags the non-financial economy down with it—and as the latter in turn exacerbates the financial crisis even further.
In other words, the private corporate debt at the heart of the last crisis in 2007-08 has not been removed from the global economy. It has only been shifted—from the business sector to the central banks. And this central bank debt has nothing to do with national governments’ total debt. That’s a completely additional amount of government debt. So too is consumer household debt additional, which, in the U.S, is more than $1 trillion each for student loans, auto loans, credit cards, and multi-trillions more for mortgage loans. Moreover, in recent months defaults on student, auto and credit card debt have begun to rise again, already the highest in the last four years in the U.S.
It’s also not quite correct to say that the $25 trillion central banks’ injection of money into the banking system since 2008 has successfully bailed out the private banks globally. Despite the total, there are still more than $10-$15 trillion in what are called non-performing bank loans worldwide. Most is concentrated in Europe and Asia—both of which are likely the locus of the next global financial crisis. And that next crisis is coming.
In the interim, the central banks’ free money and bank subsidization machine is generating a fundamental dual problem within the global economy. It is feeding the trend toward income inequality and it is helping fuel financial asset bubbles worldwide that will eventually converge and then burst, precipitating the next global financial crash.
The Fed as Engine of Income Inequality
In the U.S., the central bank’s $4.5 trillion (really $7 trillion) balance sheet—and the 9 years of free money at 0.1% to 0.25% rates provided to banks by the Fed— have been at the heart of a massive income shift to U.S. investors, businesses, and the wealthiest 1% households.
Where did all this money go? The lie fed to the public by politicians, businesses, and the media was that this massive free money injection was necessary to get the economy going again. The trillions would jump-start real investment that would create jobs, incomes consumption, and consequently, economic growth or GDP. But that’s not where it went, and the U.S. economy experienced the weakest nine-year post-recession recovery on record. Little of the money injection financed real investment—i.e. in equipment, buildings, structures, machinery, inventories, etc. that creates jobs and wage incomes. Instead, investors got QE bailouts and banks borrowed the free money from the Fed and then loaned it out at higher interest rates to U.S. multinational companies who invested it abroad in emerging markets; or they loaned it to shadow bankers and foreign bankers who speculated in financial asset markets like stocks, junk bonds, derivatives, foreign exchange, etc.; or the banks borrowed and invested it themselves in financial securities markets; or they just hoarded the cash on their own bank balance sheets; or the banks borrowed the money at 0.1 and then redeposited it at the central bank, which paid them 0.25%, for a 0.15% profit for doing nothing.
This massive money injection, in other words, was then put to work in financial markets. Behind the 9- year bubbles in stock and bond markets (and derivatives and currency exchange markets as well) is the massive $7 to $10 trillion Federal Reserve bank money injections. And how high have the stock-bond bubbles grown? The Dow Jones U.S. stock market has risen from a low in 2009 of 6,500 to almost 22,000 today. The U.S. Nasdaq tech-heavy market has surpassed the 2001 peak 5,000 before the tech bust, now more than 6,000. The S&P 500 has also more than tripled. Business profits have also tripled, Bond market prices have similarly accelerated. Free money in the trillions $ from the central bank and trillions more in profits from financial speculation. But that’s not all. The 9- year near-zero rates from the Fed have also enabled corporations to issue corporate bonds by more than $5 trillion in just the last 5 years.
So how do these financial asset market bubbles translate into historic levels of income inequality, one might ask? The wealthiest 1%—i.e. the investor class—cash in their stocks and bonds when the bubbles escalate. The corporations that have raised $5 trillion in new bonds and seen their profits triple in value then take that massive $6 to $9 trillion cash hoard to buy back their stocks and to issue record level of dividends to their shareholders. Nearly $6 trillion of the profits-bond raised cash was redistributed in the U.S. alone since 2010 to shareholders in the form of stock buybacks and dividends payouts. The 1% get $6 trillion or more distributed to them and the corporations and banks sit on the rest in the form of retained cash. Or send it offshore into their foreign subsidiaries in order to avoid paying taxes in the US.
Congress and Presidents play a role in the process, as well. Shareholders get to keep more of the $6 trillion plus distributed to them by passing tax cut legislation that sharply cuts capital gains and dividend income. Corporations also gain by keeping more profits after-tax, as a result of corporate tax cuts—which they then distribute to their shareholders via the buybacks and dividends.
The Congress and President sit near the end of the distribution chain, enabling through tax cuts the 1% and shareholders to keep more of their distributed income. But it is the central bank, the Fed, which sits at the beginning of the process. It provides the initial free money that, when borrowed and reinvested in stock markets, becomes the major driver of the stock price bubble. The Fed’s free money also drives down interest rates to near zero, allowing corporations to raise the $5 trillion more from issuing new corporate bonds. Without the Fed and the near zero rates, there would be nowhere near $5 trillion raised from new corporate bonds, to distribute to shareholders as a consequence of buybacks and dividends. Furthermore, without the Fed and QE programs, investors would not have the excess money to invest in stocks and bonds (and derivatives and currencies) that drive up stock and bond prices to bubble levels before investors cash in on those bubble level prices.
The Fed, as well as other central banks, are therefore the originating source of the runaway income inequality that has plagued the U.S. since late 1970s.
Income inequality is a function of two things. On the one hand, accelerating capital incomes of the wealthiest 1% households are largely a result of buybacks and dividend payouts. Such capital gains incomes constitute nearly 100 percent of the wealthiest 1%’s total income. On the other, income inequality is also a consequence of stagnating or declining wage incomes of non-investor households. Inequality may therefore rise if capital gains drive capital incomes higher; or may rise if wage incomes stagnate or decline; or may rise doubly fast if capital incomes rise while wage incomes stagnate or decline. Since 2000 both forces have been in effect: capital incomes of the 1% have escalated while wage incomes for 80 % of households have stagnated or declined.
Mainstream economists tend to focus on the stagnation of wage incomes, which are due to multiple causes like de-unionization, the rise of temp-part-time-contract employment, free trade treaties’ wage depressing effects, failure to adjust minimum wages, high wage manufacturing and tech industries offshoring of investment and jobs, cost shifting of healthcare from employers to workers, reduction in retirement benefits, shifting tax burdens to working and middle classes, etc. But economists don’t adequately explain why capital incomes have been accelerating so fast. Perhaps it is because mainstream economists simply don’t understand financial markets and investment very well; or perhaps some do, and just don’t want to go there and criticize runaway capital incomes.
Central Banks as Source of Financial Instability
As a result of Fed and other central banks’ money injections, underway now for decades, and especially since 2008, there is a mountain of cash—virtually trillions of dollars—sitting on the sidelines globally in the hands of professional investors and their shadow bank institutions. That money is looking for quick, speculative capital gains profit opportunities. That means seeking reinvestment short term in financial asset markets worldwide. The mountain of cash moves in and out of these global financial markets, creating and bursting bubbles as its shifts and moves. Periodically a major bubble bursts—like China’s stock market in 2015. Or a housing speculation bubble here or there. Or junk bonds or consumer debt in the U.S. Or the bubble in U.S. stocks which is nearing its limit.
A new global finance capital elite has arisen in recent decades, having directly benefited from and controlling this mountain of cash. There are about 200,000 of them worldwide, mostly concentrated in the U.S. and UK, some in Europe, but with numbers rising rapidly in Asia as well. They now control more investible assets than all the traditional commercial banks combined. Their preferred institutional investment vehicles are the global shadow banking system and their preferred investment targets are the global system of highly liquid financial asset markets. This system of new finance capitalists, their institutions, and their preferred markets is the real definition of what is meant by the financialization of the global economy. That financialization is generating ever more instability in the global capitalist system as it increasingly diverts trillions of dollars, euros, etc., from investing in job creating real things to investing in financial assets worldwide. That’s why global productivity and growth are progressively slowing, putting even more downward pressure on wage incomes. And central bank policies are a major contributor to this new trend in global capitalism in the 21st century.
Will the Central Banks Retreat?
In 2017, a minority of policymakers in the Fed and other central banks have begun to recognize the fundamental danger to their capitalist system itself from their providing free money and QE bond and stock buying money injections. So, led by the Fed, the central banks of the major economies are together now considering raising interest rates from the zero floor and trying to reverse their QE buying. Western central bankers met in late August 2017 at their annual Jackson Hole, Wyoming gathering, with the main topic of discussion being raising rates and reducing their QE bloated, $15 trillion official balance sheets. (China’s PBOC was absent or the total balance sheets would have amounted to more than $21 trillion.)
As I have argued, however, the Fed and other central banks will fail in both raising rates and selling off their balance sheets in 2017-18 and beyond—just as they failed in generating normal levels of real economic recovery since 2009. For the global capitalist banking system has become addicted and dependent on their central banks’ free money injections and their firehose of central bank bond-stock buying QE programs. Should the central banks attempt to retreat and raise rates or sell off their balance sheets to any meaningful extent, they will precipitate a serious credit contraction and provoke yet another financial and economic crisis. In other words, the global capitalist system has become dependent on the permanent subsidization of the banking system by their central banks after 2008. That is its new fundamental contradiction.
Jack Rasmus is the author of the just published book, Central Bankers at the End of Their Ropes?: Monetary Policy and the Coming Depressions, Clarity Press, August 2017. For information, see http://claritypress.com/RasmusIII.html. To purchase, go to Amazon.com or to author’s website: http://kyklosproductions.com which is accessible from this blog (see the blogroll to get to the website)
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Two questions:
1. When you refer to the selling of “balance sheets,” do you mean selling of the debt?
2. Where do the central banks get their money? Do they just print it?
Jerry Fresia
Yes, balance sheet summarizes the debt.
Banks don’t technically ‘print’ money. They open an electronic account for a given private bank or financial institution, from which that institution can then ‘draw’ on. If the bank makes a draw,and then leaves the money with the Fed, the Fed pays it 0.25% interest. If the bank takes the draw, it then may lend it out to a nonbank business or household borrower as a loan. That loan is what actually creates the money supply in the economy. (So it is the private banks that really create the money supply and credit by issuing loans. The borrower of the loan then spends the credit, which is debited to some private bank, which then makes a claim on the original bank’s account balance at the Fed. It’s all electronic, no ‘paper currency’ is actually created. But money and credit is injected into the economy in the process (where it actually ‘multiplies’ because of the money multiplier effect–i.e. the money ‘turns over’ several times as it’s spent and re-spent. That’s sometimes called the velocity of money, as opposed to the money supply as a ‘stock’ which is described above. When the Fed reduces its balance sheet, it reduces the electronic accounts of banks at its location. But that reduction still leaves the multiplier effects circulating in the economy in general. Due to multiplier effects, the Fed’s original $4.5 trillion (and re-investing of the $4.5 after 2013 as loans were repaid to it, which made it actually $7 trillion), meant that maybe two times the $.45-$7 trillion was injected into the economy–most of which went offshore, to financial asset markets speculation (stocks, bonds, derivatives, forex, real estate, etc.), distributed to shareholders as stock buybacks and dividend payouts, or was just retained on private banks’ balance sheets as cash-liquid assets. (For a more detailed explanation, see my ‘Central Bankers at the End of THeir Rope’ book.)
Hope that helps
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